organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two hydrogen atoms or a hydrogen atom and a carbon substituent

carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached hydroxyl group

organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon substituent

organic compound containing a carbonyl group with two carbon substituents attached to it

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Chemistry 2e · 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters

Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters: practice problems

7 problems from the book, with its answers. Check your working, or have any of them explained to you on the whiteboard.

Exercises 41
Predict the products of oxidizing the molecules shown in this problem. In each case, identify the product that will result from the minimal increase in oxidation state for the highlighted carbon atom:
(a)
(b)
(c)
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Exercises 43
Explain why it is not possible to prepare a ketone that contains only two carbon atoms.
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Exercises 45
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that have long hydrocarbon chains attached to a carboxylate group. How does a saturated fatty acid differ from an unsaturated fatty acid? How are they similar?
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Exercises 47
Write a condensed structural formula, such as CH₃CH₃, and describe the molecular geometry at each carbon atom.
(a) 2-propanol
(b) acetone
(c) dimethyl ether
(d) acetic acid
(e) 3-methyl-1-hexene
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Exercises 49
Write the two-resonance structures for the acetate ion.
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Exercises 51
Write two complete balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed formulas and one using Lewis structures.
(a) 1-butanol reacts with acetic acid
(b) propionic acid is poured onto solid calcium carbonate
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Exercises 53
Alcohols A, B, and C all have the composition C₄H₁₀O. Molecules of alcohol A contain a branched carbon chain and can be oxidized to an aldehyde; molecules of alcohol B contain a linear carbon chain and can be oxidized to a ketone; and molecules of alcohol C can be oxidized to neither an aldehyde nor a ketone. Write the Lewis structures of these molecules.
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Key terms · 5

aldehyde: organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two hydrogen atoms or a hydrogen atom and a carbon substituent
carbonyl group: carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom
carboxylic acid: organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached hydroxyl group
ester: organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon substituent
ketone: organic compound containing a carbonyl group with two carbon substituents attached to it

Learn 20.3 on the whiteboard

The tutor teaches the whole section, drawing it out step by step and answering your questions as you go.

Read 20.3 in the textbook · This section on openstax.org

Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters: practice problems

7 problems from the book, with its answers. Check your working, or have any of them explained to you on the whiteboard.

Exercises 41

Predict the products of oxidizing the molecules shown in this problem. In each case, identify the product that will result from the minimal increase in oxidation state for the highlighted carbon atom:

(a)

The left side of a reaction and arrow are shown. The arrow is labeled with an O in brackets. To the left of the arrow is a molecular structure. It shows a C H subscript 3 group which bonds up and to the right to a C H subscript 2 group. The C H subscript 2 group forms a bond down and to the left to a C atom. This C atom appears in red and forms a double bond with an O atom and a single bond with an H atom.

(b)

(c)

Exercises 43

Explain why it is not possible to prepare a ketone that contains only two carbon atoms.

Exercises 45

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that have long hydrocarbon chains attached to a carboxylate group. How does a saturated fatty acid differ from an unsaturated fatty acid? How are they similar?

Exercises 47

Write a condensed structural formula, such as CH₃CH₃, and describe the molecular geometry at each carbon atom.

(a) 2-propanol

(b) acetone

(d) acetic acid

(e) 3-methyl-1-hexene

Exercises 49

Write the two-resonance structures for the acetate ion.

Exercises 51

Write two complete balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed formulas and one using Lewis structures.

(a) 1-butanol reacts with acetic acid

(b) propionic acid is poured onto solid calcium carbonate

Exercises 53

Alcohols A, B, and C all have the composition C₄H₁₀O. Molecules of alcohol A contain a branched carbon chain and can be oxidized to an aldehyde; molecules of alcohol B contain a linear carbon chain and can be oxidized to a ketone; and molecules of alcohol C can be oxidized to neither an aldehyde nor a ketone. Write the Lewis structures of these molecules.

Key terms · 5

aldehyde: organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two hydrogen atoms or a hydrogen atom and a carbon substituent
carbonyl group: carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom
carboxylic acid: organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached hydroxyl group
ester: organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon substituent
ketone: organic compound containing a carbonyl group with two carbon substituents attached to it

Learn 20.3 on the whiteboard

The tutor teaches the whole section, drawing it out step by step and answering your questions as you go.

Read 20.3 in the textbook · This section on openstax.org