AP Chemistry · General chemistry
Chemistry 2e
Atoms, bonding, reactions, stoichiometry, gases, thermochemistry, kinetics, equilibrium and electrochemistry: two semesters of general chemistry, covering AP Chemistry.
21 chapters · 114 lessons · each one taught on the whiteboard, then practiced
Essential Ideas
- Outline the historical development of chemistry
- Provide examples of the importance of chemistry in everyday life
- Describe the scientific method
- Differentiate among hypotheses, theories, and laws
- Provide examples illustrating macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic domains
Read 1.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 8 key terms
- Describe the basic properties of each physical state of matter: solid, liquid, and gas
- Distinguish between mass and weight
- Apply the law of conservation of matter
- Classify matter as an element, compound, homogeneous mixture, or heterogeneous mixture with regard to its physical state and composition
- Define and give examples of atoms and molecules
Read 1.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
9 exercises from the book · 17 key terms
- Identify properties of and changes in matter as physical or chemical
- Identify properties of matter as extensive or intensive
Read 1.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 6 key terms
- Explain the process of measurement
- Identify the three basic parts of a quantity
- Describe the properties and units of length, mass, volume, density, temperature, and time
- Perform basic unit calculations and conversions in the metric and other unit systems
Read 1.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 14 key terms
- Define accuracy and precision
- Distinguish exact and uncertain numbers
- Correctly represent uncertainty in quantities using significant figures
- Apply proper rounding rules to computed quantities
Read 1.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
6 exercises from the book · 7 key terms
- Explain the dimensional analysis (factor label) approach to mathematical calculations involving quantities
- Use dimensional analysis to carry out unit conversions for a given property and computations involving two or more properties
Read 1.6 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
22 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
- State the postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory
- Use postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory to explain the laws of definite and multiple proportions
Read 2.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
2 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
- Outline milestones in the development of modern atomic theory
- Summarize and interpret the results of the experiments of Thomson, Millikan, and Rutherford
- Describe the three subatomic particles that compose atoms
- Define isotopes and give examples for several elements
Read 2.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 6 key terms
- Write and interpret symbols that depict the atomic number, mass number, and charge of an atom or ion
- Define the atomic mass unit and average atomic mass
- Calculate average atomic mass and isotopic abundance
Read 2.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
8 exercises from the book · 11 key terms
- Symbolize the composition of molecules using molecular formulas and empirical formulas
- Represent the bonding arrangement of atoms within molecules using structural formulas
Read 2.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 6 key terms
- State the periodic law and explain the organization of elements in the periodic table
- Predict the general properties of elements based on their location within the periodic table
- Identify metals, nonmetals, and metalloids by their properties and/or location on the periodic table
Read 2.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 22 key terms
- Define ionic and molecular (covalent) compounds
- Predict the type of compound formed from elements based on their location within the periodic table
- Determine formulas for simple ionic compounds
Read 2.6 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 8 key terms
- Derive names for common types of inorganic compounds using a systematic approach
Read 2.7 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
6 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
Composition of Substances and Solutions
- Calculate formula masses for covalent and ionic compounds
- Define the amount unit mole and the related quantity Avogadro’s number
- Explain the relation between mass, moles, and numbers of atoms or molecules, and perform calculations deriving these quantities from one another
Read 3.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
16 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
- Compute the percent composition of a compound
- Determine the empirical formula of a compound
- Determine the molecular formula of a compound
Read 3.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
6 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
- Describe the fundamental properties of solutions
- Calculate solution concentrations using molarity
- Perform dilution calculations using the dilution equation
Read 3.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
12 exercises from the book · 9 key terms
- Define the concentration units of mass percentage, volume percentage, mass-volume percentage, parts-per-million (ppm), and parts-per-billion (ppb)
- Perform computations relating a solution’s concentration and its components’ volumes and/or masses using these units
Read 3.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
6 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
- Derive chemical equations from narrative descriptions of chemical reactions.
- Write and balance chemical equations in molecular, total ionic, and net ionic formats.
Read 4.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
6 exercises from the book · 9 key terms
- Define three common types of chemical reactions (precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction)
- Classify chemical reactions as one of these three types given appropriate descriptions or chemical equations
- Identify common acids and bases
- Predict the solubility of common inorganic compounds by using solubility rules
- Compute the oxidation states for elements in compounds
Read 4.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
15 exercises from the book · 23 key terms
- Explain the concept of stoichiometry as it pertains to chemical reactions
- Use balanced chemical equations to derive stoichiometric factors relating amounts of reactants and products
- Perform stoichiometric calculations involving mass, moles, and solution molarity
Read 4.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
9 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
- Explain the concepts of theoretical yield and limiting reactants/reagents.
- Derive the theoretical yield for a reaction under specified conditions.
- Calculate the percent yield for a reaction.
Read 4.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
9 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Describe the fundamental aspects of titrations and gravimetric analysis.
- Perform stoichiometric calculations using typical titration and gravimetric data.
Read 4.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
9 exercises from the book · 10 key terms
Thermochemistry
- Define energy, distinguish types of energy, and describe the nature of energy changes that accompany chemical and physical changes
- Distinguish the related properties of heat, thermal energy, and temperature
- Define and distinguish specific heat and heat capacity, and describe the physical implications of both
- Perform calculations involving heat, specific heat, and temperature change
Read 5.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
7 exercises from the book · 14 key terms
- Explain the technique of calorimetry
- Calculate and interpret heat and related properties using typical calorimetry data
Read 5.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
12 exercises from the book · 6 key terms
- State the first law of thermodynamics
- Define enthalpy and explain its classification as a state function
- Write and balance thermochemical equations
- Calculate enthalpy changes for various chemical reactions
- Explain Hess’s law and use it to compute reaction enthalpies
Read 5.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
24 exercises from the book · 12 key terms
Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
- Explain the basic behavior of waves, including travelling waves and standing waves
- Describe the wave nature of light
- Use appropriate equations to calculate related light-wave properties such as frequency, wavelength, and energy
- Distinguish between line and continuous emission spectra
- Describe the particle nature of light
Read 6.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
8 exercises from the book · 17 key terms
- Describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom
- Use the Rydberg equation to calculate energies of light emitted or absorbed by hydrogen atoms
Read 6.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
7 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
- Extend the concept of wave–particle duality that was observed in electromagnetic radiation to matter as well
- Understand the general idea of the quantum mechanical description of electrons in an atom, and that it uses the notion of three-dimensional wave functions, or orbitals, that define the distribution of probability to find an electron in a particular part of space
- List and describe traits of the four quantum numbers that form the basis for completely specifying the state of an electron in an atom
Read 6.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
8 exercises from the book · 17 key terms
- Derive the predicted ground-state electron configurations of atoms
- Identify and explain exceptions to predicted electron configurations for atoms and ions
- Relate electron configurations to element classifications in the periodic table
Read 6.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
10 exercises from the book · 7 key terms
- Describe and explain the observed trends in atomic size, ionization energy, and electron affinity of the elements
Read 6.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
10 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
- Explain the formation of cations, anions, and ionic compounds
- Predict the charge of common metallic and nonmetallic elements, and write their electron configurations
Read 7.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
- Describe the formation of covalent bonds
- Define electronegativity and assess the polarity of covalent bonds
Read 7.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
6 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Write Lewis symbols for neutral atoms and ions
- Draw Lewis structures depicting the bonding in simple molecules
Read 7.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
11 exercises from the book · 9 key terms
- Compute formal charges for atoms in any Lewis structure
- Use formal charges to identify the most reasonable Lewis structure for a given molecule
- Explain the concept of resonance and draw Lewis structures representing resonance forms for a given molecule
Read 7.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
10 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Describe the energetics of covalent and ionic bond formation and breakage
- Use the Born-Haber cycle to compute lattice energies for ionic compounds
- Use average covalent bond energies to estimate enthalpies of reaction
Read 7.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
10 exercises from the book · 3 key terms
- Predict the structures of small molecules using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
- Explain the concepts of polar covalent bonds and molecular polarity
- Assess the polarity of a molecule based on its bonding and structure
Read 7.6 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
16 exercises from the book · 16 key terms
Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
- Describe the formation of covalent bonds in terms of atomic orbital overlap
- Define and give examples of σ and π bonds
Read 8.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Explain the concept of atomic orbital hybridization
- Determine the hybrid orbitals associated with various molecular geometries
Read 8.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
7 exercises from the book · 7 key terms
- Describe multiple covalent bonding in terms of atomic orbital overlap
- Relate the concept of resonance to π-bonding and electron delocalization
Read 8.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book
- Outline the basic quantum-mechanical approach to deriving molecular orbitals from atomic orbitals
- Describe traits of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals
- Calculate bond orders based on molecular electron configurations
- Write molecular electron configurations for first- and second-row diatomic molecules
- Relate these electron configurations to the molecules’ stabilities and magnetic properties
Read 8.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
9 exercises from the book · 16 key terms
Gases
- Define the property of pressure
- Define and convert among the units of pressure measurements
- Describe the operation of common tools for measuring gas pressure
- Calculate pressure from manometer data
Read 9.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
9 exercises from the book · 9 key terms
- Identify the mathematical relationships between the various properties of gases
- Use the ideal gas law, and related gas laws, to compute the values of various gas properties under specified conditions
Read 9.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
15 exercises from the book · 10 key terms
- Use the ideal gas law to compute gas densities and molar masses
- Perform stoichiometric calculations involving gaseous substances
- State Dalton’s law of partial pressures and use it in calculations involving gaseous mixtures
Read 9.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
16 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
- Define and explain effusion and diffusion
- State Graham’s law and use it to compute relevant gas properties
Read 9.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- State the postulates of the kinetic-molecular theory
- Use this theory’s postulates to explain the gas laws
Read 9.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
- Describe the physical factors that lead to deviations from ideal gas behavior
- Explain how these factors are represented in the van der Waals equation
- Define compressibility (Z) and describe how its variation with pressure reflects non-ideal behavior
- Quantify non-ideal behavior by comparing computations of gas properties using the ideal gas law and the van der Waals equation
Read 9.6 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
Liquids and Solids
- Describe the types of intermolecular forces possible between atoms or molecules in condensed phases (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole attractions, and hydrogen bonding)
- Identify the types of intermolecular forces experienced by specific molecules based on their structures
- Explain the relation between the intermolecular forces present within a substance and the temperatures associated with changes in its physical state
Read 10.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
11 exercises from the book · 8 key terms
- Distinguish between adhesive and cohesive forces
- Define viscosity, surface tension, and capillary rise
- Describe the roles of intermolecular attractive forces in each of these properties/phenomena
Read 10.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Define phase transitions and phase transition temperatures
- Explain the relation between phase transition temperatures and intermolecular attractive forces
- Describe the processes represented by typical heating and cooling curves, and compute heat flows and enthalpy changes accompanying these processes
Read 10.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
12 exercises from the book · 13 key terms
- Explain the construction and use of a typical phase diagram
- Use phase diagrams to identify stable phases at given temperatures and pressures, and to describe phase transitions resulting from changes in these properties
- Describe the supercritical fluid phase of matter
Read 10.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
- Define and describe the bonding and properties of ionic, molecular, metallic, and covalent network crystalline solids
- Describe the main types of crystalline solids: ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent network solids, and molecular solids
- Explain the ways in which crystal defects can occur in a solid
Read 10.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 8 key terms
- Describe the arrangement of atoms and ions in crystalline structures
- Compute ionic radii using unit cell dimensions
- Explain the use of X-ray diffraction measurements in determining crystalline structures
Read 10.6 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
16 exercises from the book · 18 key terms
Solutions and Colloids
- Describe the basic properties of solutions and how they form
- Predict whether a given mixture will yield a solution based on molecular properties of its components
- Explain why some solutions either produce or absorb heat when they form
Read 11.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
- Define and give examples of electrolytes
- Distinguish between the physical and chemical changes that accompany dissolution of ionic and covalent electrolytes
- Relate electrolyte strength to solute-solvent attractive forces
Read 11.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 6 key terms
- Describe the effects of temperature and pressure on solubility
- State Henry’s law and use it in calculations involving the solubility of a gas in a liquid
- Explain the degrees of solubility possible for liquid-liquid solutions
Read 11.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 8 key terms
- Express concentrations of solution components using mole fraction and molality
- Describe the effect of solute concentration on various solution properties (vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure)
- Perform calculations using the mathematical equations that describe these various colligative effects
- Describe the process of distillation and its practical applications
- Explain the process of osmosis and describe how it is applied industrially and in nature
Read 11.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
22 exercises from the book · 17 key terms
- Describe the composition and properties of colloidal dispersions
- List and explain several technological applications of colloids
Read 11.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 9 key terms
Kinetics
- Define chemical reaction rate
- Derive rate expressions from the balanced equation for a given chemical reaction
- Calculate reaction rates from experimental data
Read 12.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Describe the effects of chemical nature, physical state, temperature, concentration, and catalysis on reaction rates
Read 12.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 1 key terms
- Explain the form and function of a rate law
- Use rate laws to calculate reaction rates
- Use rate and concentration data to identify reaction orders and derive rate laws
Read 12.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
10 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Explain the form and function of an integrated rate law
- Perform integrated rate law calculations for zero-, first-, and second-order reactions
- Define half-life and carry out related calculations
- Identify the order of a reaction from concentration/time data
Read 12.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
9 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
- Use the postulates of collision theory to explain the effects of physical state, temperature, and concentration on reaction rates
- Define the concepts of activation energy and transition state
- Use the Arrhenius equation in calculations relating rate constants to temperature
Read 12.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
9 exercises from the book · 6 key terms
- Distinguish net reactions from elementary reactions (steps)
- Identify the molecularity of elementary reactions
- Write a balanced chemical equation for a process given its reaction mechanism
- Derive the rate law consistent with a given reaction mechanism
Read 12.6 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 8 key terms
- Explain the function of a catalyst in terms of reaction mechanisms and potential energy diagrams
- List examples of catalysis in natural and industrial processes
Read 12.7 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
- Describe the nature of equilibrium systems
- Explain the dynamic nature of a chemical equilibrium
Read 13.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
- Derive reaction quotients from chemical equations representing homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions
- Calculate values of reaction quotients and equilibrium constants, using concentrations and pressures
- Relate the magnitude of an equilibrium constant to properties of the chemical system
Read 13.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
12 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Describe the ways in which an equilibrium system can be stressed
- Predict the response of a stressed equilibrium using Le Châtelier’s principle
Read 13.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
10 exercises from the book · 1 key terms
- Identify the changes in concentration or pressure that occur for chemical species in equilibrium systems
- Calculate equilibrium concentrations or pressures and equilibrium constants, using various algebraic approaches
Read 13.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
20 exercises from the book
Acid-Base Equilibria
- Identify acids, bases, and conjugate acid-base pairs according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition
- Write equations for acid and base ionization reactions
- Use the ion-product constant for water to calculate hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations
- Describe the acid-base behavior of amphiprotic substances
Read 14.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
7 exercises from the book · 10 key terms
- Explain the characterization of aqueous solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral
- Express hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations on the pH and pOH scales
- Perform calculations relating pH and pOH
Read 14.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
6 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Assess the relative strengths of acids and bases according to their ionization constants
- Rationalize trends in acid–base strength in relation to molecular structure
- Carry out equilibrium calculations for weak acid–base systems
Read 14.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
22 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Predict whether a salt solution will be acidic, basic, or neutral
- Calculate the concentrations of the various species in a salt solution
- Describe the acid ionization of hydrated metal ions
Read 14.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
1 exercises from the book
- Extend previously introduced equilibrium concepts to acids and bases that may donate or accept more than one proton
Read 14.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Describe the composition and function of acid–base buffers
- Calculate the pH of a buffer before and after the addition of added acid or base
Read 14.6 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
7 exercises from the book · 3 key terms
- Interpret titration curves for strong and weak acid-base systems
- Compute sample pH at important stages of a titration
- Explain the function of acid-base indicators
Read 14.7 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
2 exercises from the book · 3 key terms
Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
- Write chemical equations and equilibrium expressions representing solubility equilibria
- Carry out equilibrium computations involving solubility, equilibrium expressions, and solute concentrations
Read 15.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
30 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
- Explain the Lewis model of acid-base chemistry
- Write equations for the formation of adducts and complex ions
- Perform equilibrium calculations involving formation constants
Read 15.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
12 exercises from the book · 9 key terms
- Describe examples of systems involving two (or more) coupled chemical equilibria
- Calculate reactant and product concentrations for coupled equilibrium systems
Read 15.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
10 exercises from the book · 1 key terms
Thermodynamics
- Distinguish between spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes
- Describe the dispersal of matter and energy that accompanies certain spontaneous processes
Read 16.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
- Define entropy
- Explain the relationship between entropy and the number of microstates
- Predict the sign of the entropy change for chemical and physical processes
Read 16.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
7 exercises from the book · 3 key terms
- State and explain the second and third laws of thermodynamics
- Calculate entropy changes for phase transitions and chemical reactions under standard conditions
Read 16.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
- Define Gibbs free energy, and describe its relation to spontaneity
- Calculate free energy change for a process using free energies of formation for its reactants and products
- Calculate free energy change for a process using enthalpies of formation and the entropies for its reactants and products
- Explain how temperature affects the spontaneity of some processes
- Relate standard free energy changes to equilibrium constants
Read 16.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
19 exercises from the book · 3 key terms
Electrochemistry
- Describe defining traits of redox chemistry
- Identify the oxidant and reductant of a redox reaction
- Balance chemical equations for redox reactions using the half-reaction method
Read 17.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
- Describe the function of a galvanic cell and its components
- Use cell notation to symbolize the composition and construction of galvanic cells
Read 17.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 7 key terms
- Describe and relate the definitions of electrode and cell potentials
- Interpret electrode potentials in terms of relative oxidant and reductant strengths
- Calculate cell potentials and predict redox spontaneity using standard electrode potentials
Read 17.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 3 key terms
- Explain the relations between potential, free energy change, and equilibrium constants
- Perform calculations involving the relations between cell potentials, free energy changes, and equilibrium
- Use the Nernst equation to determine cell potentials under nonstandard conditions
Read 17.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 3 key terms
- Describe the electrochemistry associated with several common batteries
- Distinguish the operation of a fuel cell from that of a battery
Read 17.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 9 key terms
- Define corrosion
- List some of the methods used to prevent or slow corrosion
Read 17.6 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Describe the process of electrolysis
- Compare the operation of electrolytic cells with that of galvanic cells
- Perform stoichiometric calculations for electrolytic processes
Read 17.7 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
2 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
- Classify elements
- Make predictions about the periodicity properties of the representative elements
Read 18.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
7 exercises from the book · 8 key terms
- Identify natural sources of representative metals
- Describe electrolytic and chemical reduction processes used to prepare these elements from natural sources
Read 18.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
7 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
- Describe the general preparation, properties, and uses of the metalloids
- Describe the preparation, properties, and compounds of boron and silicon
Read 18.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
8 exercises from the book · 4 key terms
- Describe structure and properties of nonmetals
Read 18.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
- Describe the properties, preparation, and compounds of hydrogen
Read 18.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 3 key terms
- Describe the preparation, properties, and uses of some representative metal carbonates
Read 18.6 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
1 exercises from the book · 3 key terms
- Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of nitrogen
Read 18.7 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 1 key terms
- Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of phosphorus
Read 18.8 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
6 exercises from the book
- Describe the properties, preparation, and compounds of oxygen
- Describe the preparation, properties, and uses of some representative metal oxides, peroxides, and hydroxides
Read 18.9 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
6 exercises from the book · 14 key terms
- Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of sulfur
Read 18.10 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 1 key terms
- Describe the preparation, properties, and uses of halogens
- Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of halogen compounds
Read 18.11 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book
- Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of the noble gases
Read 18.12 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
3 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
- Outline the general characteristics of the transition elements and their division into transition series
- Explain how the electron configurations of transition metal ions relate to their variety of stable oxidation states
- Describe the preparation of iron, copper, and silver from their ores, including smelting and hydrometallurgy
- Explain how oxidation state affects the bonding and properties of transition metal halides, oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates
Read 19.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
13 exercises from the book · 15 key terms
- List the defining traits of coordination compounds
- Describe the structures of complexes containing monodentate and polydentate ligands
- Use standard nomenclature rules to name coordination compounds
- Explain and provide examples of geometric and optical isomerism
- Identify several natural and technological occurrences of coordination compounds
Read 19.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 16 key terms
- Outline the basic premise of crystal field theory (CFT)
- Identify molecular geometries associated with various d-orbital splitting patterns
- Predict electron configurations of split d orbitals for selected transition metal atoms or ions
- Explain spectral and magnetic properties in terms of CFT concepts
Read 19.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
6 exercises from the book · 11 key terms
Organic Chemistry
- Explain the importance of hydrocarbons and the reason for their diversity
- Name saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and molecules derived from them
- Describe the reactions characteristic of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
- Identify structural and geometric isomers of hydrocarbons
Read 20.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
15 exercises from the book · 12 key terms
- Describe the structure and properties of alcohols
- Describe the structure and properties of ethers
- Name and draw structures for alcohols and ethers
Read 20.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
- Describe the structure and properties of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters
Read 20.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
7 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Describe the structure and properties of an amine
- Describe the structure and properties of an amide
Read 20.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 2 key terms
Nuclear Chemistry
- Describe nuclear structure in terms of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Calculate mass defect and binding energy for nuclei
- Explain trends in the relative stability of nuclei
Read 21.1 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
5 exercises from the book · 13 key terms
- Identify common particles and energies involved in nuclear reactions
- Write and balance nuclear equations
Read 21.2 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 6 key terms
- Recognize common modes of radioactive decay
- Identify common particles and energies involved in nuclear decay reactions
- Write and balance nuclear decay equations
- Calculate kinetic parameters for decay processes, including half-life
- Describe common radiometric dating techniques
Read 21.3 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
14 exercises from the book · 12 key terms
- Describe the synthesis of transuranium nuclides
- Explain nuclear fission and fusion processes
- Relate the concepts of critical mass and nuclear chain reactions
- Summarize basic requirements for nuclear fission and fusion reactors
Read 21.4 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
4 exercises from the book · 18 key terms
- List common applications of radioactive isotopes
Read 21.5 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
2 exercises from the book · 5 key terms
- Describe the biological impact of ionizing radiation
- Define units for measuring radiation exposure
- Explain the operation of common tools for detecting radioactivity
- List common sources of radiation exposure in the US
Read 21.6 in the textbook →Learn
Whiteboard lesson · about 15 min
PracticePractice
2 exercises from the book · 13 key terms