What is the microscopic explanation for the macroscopic behavior illustrated in Figure 11.14?
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Chemistry 2e · 11.4 Colligative Properties
Colligative Properties: practice problems
22 problems from the book, with its answers. Check your working, or have any of them explained to you on the whiteboard.
Exercises 29
A solution of potassium nitrate, an electrolyte, and a solution of glycerin (C₃H₅(OH)₃), a nonelectrolyte, both boil at 100.3 °C. What other physical properties of the two solutions are identical?
Exercises 31
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Key terms · 17
- boiling point elevation
- elevation of the boiling point of a liquid by addition of a solute
- boiling point elevation constant
- the proportionality constant in the equation relating boiling point elevation to solute molality; also known as the ebullioscopic constant
- colligative property
- property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of a solute species
- crenation
- process whereby biological cells become shriveled due to loss of water by osmosis
- freezing point depression
- lowering of the freezing point of a liquid by addition of a solute
- freezing point depression constant
- (also, cryoscopic constant) proportionality constant in the equation relating freezing point depression to solute molality
- hemolysis
- rupture of red blood cells due to the accumulation of excess water by osmosis
- hypertonic
- of greater osmotic pressure
- hypotonic
- of less osmotic pressure
- ion pair
- solvated anion/cation pair held together by moderate electrostatic attraction
- isotonic
- of equal osmotic pressure
- molality (m)
- a concentration unit defined as the ratio of the numbers of moles of solute to the mass of the solvent in kilograms
- osmosis
- diffusion of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
- osmotic pressure (Π)
- opposing pressure required to prevent bulk transfer of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
- Raoult’s law
- the relationship between a solution’s vapor pressure and the vapor pressures and concentrations of its components
- semipermeable membrane
- a membrane that selectively permits passage of certain ions or molecules
- van’t Hoff factor (i)
- the ratio of the number of moles of particles in a solution to the number of moles of formula units dissolved in the solution
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